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Yggdrasil, altnordisch Yggdrasill, auch: Weltesche, ist in der nordischen Mythologie der Name einer Esche, die als Weltenbaum den gesamten Kosmos. In der nordischen Mythologie gibt es einen Adler am Weltenbaum Yggdrasil, dessen Name unbekannt ist. Inhaltsverzeichnis. 1 Quellen; 2 Forschung; 3 Siehe. Yggdrasil, altnordisch Yggdrasill oder Yggdrasils askr, auch: Weltesche, ist in der nordischen Mythologie der Name einer Esche, die als Weltenbaum den. Yggdrasil ist die Weltenesche, die alle neun Welten berührt und im Zentrum von Midgard steht. Darstellung der Weltenesche Yggdrasil mit den verschiedenen Tieren, auf dem Artikel Yggdrasil aus der freien Enzyklopädie Wikipedia und.
Stanza 27 is more obscure, with the first two lines of the verse indicating a connection with Heimdall :. Scholars including John Lindow [2] and Carolyne Larrington [1] have suggested that Heimdall may have sacrificed one of his ears in return for his heightened power of hearing according to Gylfaginning he can hear grass growing on the earth or wool on the backs of sheep , depositing it in the well in much the same manner that Odin pledged an eye to the Well of Mimir in return for knowledge and wisdom.
Indeed, the völva refers to this Odinic sacrifice in the second half of the stanza and in stanza Finally, in stanza 47 the seeress foretells that Yggdrasil will tremble and groan during Ragnarök , the final conflict between the gods and giants.
Although we are not specifically told if the tree survives the fiery conflagration of Surtr , the rebirth of the world and a new generation of gods and men are positive indications.
He suffers the pain and hardship of this transcendent consciousness for nine nights, in order to acquire knowledge of the runes.
Here name for the World Tree, Ygg-drasill , means the 'terrible steed'. Relating to the shamans of the Saami, a person can send out their Hugr 'soul', 'mindforce', or 'consciousness' to travel via the Tree from one world to another.
To contemplate the entirety of all worlds and transcend them to peer out across the infinite nothingness of Ginnungagap, awakens existential power.
According to stanzas 25 and 26, the goat Heidrun stands atop the roof of Valhalla and feeds from the leaves and branches of the tree.
From her udder flows an endless supply of mead for the einherjar. Likewise, the stag Eikthyrnir also feeds from the tree atop the roof of the hall, and from his antlers water drips into the wellspring Hvergelmir , located in Niflheim and from which all rivers flow.
In both stanzas the tree is called Laerad but is often identified with the World Tree. Both share similar locations relative to the hall of Odin , both are associated with animals who derive nourishment from its foliage , and Hvergelmir as well shares a connection with both trees.
Stanzas 29 to 35 provide further details. Each day the gods ride to Yggdrasil to hold court and pronounce judgments.
The three roots of the tree grow in three separate directions, the first into Hel , the second among the frost giants whose realm is not named but presumably is Jotunheim , and the third among humans or Midgard.
In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda , the third root among mortals is instead placed by Snorri in Asgard among the gods.
The stanzas also mention yet more creatures that populate the tree, including four stags of Yggdrasill that gnaw the highest boughs, named Dain, Dvalin, Duneyr and Durathror, as well as a horde of serpents:.
In addition, an eagle sits perched above while the dragon Nidhogg rends the tree from beneath, and serving the role of a messenger bearing spiteful words between the two is a squirrel named Ratatosk who must run up and down the length of the trunk which is gradually rotting.
According to the poem, it has mysterious roots, casts its limbs abroad over every land and is impervious to fire and iron. In the Gylfaginning section of his Prose Edda , Snorri Sturluson repeats much of the information found in the Poetic Edda but also expands upon certain ideas and uses the earlier material as the basis for his own conceptions of Yggdrasil.
According to Snorri, one of its roots extends into Niflheim at the wellspring of Hvergelmir which is infested with serpents.
The tree is an example of sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology , and scholars in the field of Germanic philology have long discussed its implications.
The generally accepted meaning of Old Norse Yggdrasill is "Odin's horse", meaning " gallows ". This interpretation comes about because drasill means "horse" and Ygg r is one of Odin's many names.
This tree may have been Yggdrasil. Gallows can be called "the horse of the hanged" and therefore Odin's gallows may have developed into the expression "Odin's horse", which then became the name of the tree.
Nevertheless, scholarly opinions regarding the precise meaning of the name Yggdrasill vary, particularly on the issue of whether Yggdrasill is the name of the tree itself or if only the full term askr Yggdrasil where Old Norse askr means "ash tree" refers specifically to the tree.
According to this interpretation, askr Yggdrasils would mean the world tree upon which "the horse [Odin's horse] of the highest god [Odin] is bound".
A third interpretation, presented by F. Detter, is that the name Yggdrasill refers to the word yggr "terror" , yet not in reference to the Odinic name, and so Yggdrasill would then mean "tree of terror, gallows".
An ash I know there stands, Yggdrasill is its name, a tall tree, showered with shining loam. From there come the dews that drop in the valleys.
Yggdrasill shivers, the ash, as it stands. The old tree groans, and the giant slips free. The stanza reads:. I know that I hung on a windy tree nine long nights, wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin, myself to myself, on that tree of which no man knows from where its roots run.
In the stanza that follows, Odin describes how he had no food nor drink there, that he peered downward, and that "I took up the runes, screaming I took them, then I fell back from there.
In stanza 31, Odin says that the ash Yggdrasil has three roots that grow in three directions. He details that beneath the first lives Hel , under the second live frost jötnar, and beneath the third lives mankind.
Within the list, Odin mentions Yggdrasil first, and states that it is the "noblest of trees". In Gylfaginning , Yggdrasil is introduced in chapter In chapter 15, Gangleri described as king Gylfi in disguise asks where is the chief or holiest place of the gods.
High replies "It is the ash Yggdrasil. There the gods must hold their courts each day". Gangleri asks what there is to tell about Yggdrasil.
Just-As-High says that Yggdrasil is the biggest and best of all trees, that its branches extend out over all of the world and reach out over the sky.
In chapter 16, Gangleri asks "what other particularly notable things are there to tell about the ash? High continues that an eagle sits on the branches of Yggdrasil and that it has much knowledge.
In chapter 64, names for kings and dukes are given. Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that the existence of nine worlds around Yggdrasil is mentioned more than once in Old Norse sources, but the identity of the worlds is never stated outright, though it can be deduced from various sources.
Davidson comments that "no doubt the identity of the nine varied from time to time as the emphasis changed or new imagery arrived". Davidson says that it is unclear where the nine worlds are located in relation to the tree; they could either exist one above the other or perhaps be grouped around the tree, but there are references to worlds existing beneath the tree, while the gods are pictured as in the sky, a rainbow bridge Bifröst connecting the tree with other worlds.
Davidson opines that "those who have tried to produce a convincing diagram of the Scandinavian cosmos from what we are told in the sources have only added to the confusion".
Davidson notes parallels between Yggdrasil and shamanic lore in northern Eurasia :. The conception of the tree rising through a number of worlds is found in northern Eurasia and forms part of the shamanic lore shared by many peoples of this region.
This seems to be a very ancient conception, perhaps based on the Pole Star , the centre of the heavens, and the image of the central tree in Scandinavia may have been influenced by it Among Siberian shamans, a central tree may be used as a ladder to ascend the heavens.
Davidson says that the notion of an eagle atop a tree and the world serpent coiled around the roots of the tree has parallels in other cosmologies from Asia.
She goes on to say that Norse cosmology may have been influenced by these Asiatic cosmologies from a northern location. Davidson adds, on the other hand, that it is attested that the Germanic peoples worshiped their deities in open forest clearings and that a sky god was particularly connected with the oak tree, and therefore "a central tree was a natural symbol for them also".
Carolyne Larrington notes that it is nowhere expressly stated what will happen to Yggdrasil during the events of Ragnarök.
Simek additionally points out legendary parallels in a Bavarian legend of a shepherd who lives inside a tree, whose descendants repopulate the land after life there has been wiped out by plague citing a retelling by F.
Continuing as late as the 19th century, warden trees were venerated in areas of Germany and Scandinavia, considered to be guardians and bringers of luck, and offerings were sometimes made to them.
A massive birch tree standing atop a burial mound and located beside a farm in western Norway is recorded as having had ale poured over its roots during festivals.
The tree was felled in
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